Cultivation of Cotton; A Complete Guide of Information

April 30, 2021May 3, 2023 Agrovista 4 Comments

Cultivation of Cotton; A Complete Guide of Information

Introduction;

Table of Contents

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) Belongs to the Malvaceae family and the genus Gossypium. In the wild state, cotton is a perennial plant but most the cultivated annuals. Cultivated cotton is a herbaceous plant that attains a height of 66 to 200 cm.

Cotton is one of the most important fiber crops playing a key role in the economic and social affairs of the world. It is the oldest among the commercial crops of the world. It has been cultivated in the Indus Valley for more than 5000 years. The excavations of Mohen-jo-Daro indicate a high degree of art in spinning and weaving with cotton at that time. It finds mention in the Rig Veda, the oldest scripture of the Hindus. Manu the law-giver also refers to it in his Dharmashastra. India appears to have been the center of an important cotton industry as early as 1500 B.C. The cultivation of cotton spread from India to Egypt and then to Spain and Italy. All available evidence proves that India was the original habitat of cotton.

Cotton is cultivated in India from the sub-Himalayan region of Punjab in the north to Kerala in the south and from the dry of Kutch to high rainfall areas of Manipur in the east.

Among all the cotton-growing countries, India occupies the foremost in cotton acreage. It is grown in nearly 8 million hectares which is almost 41% of the world cotton acreage, but production is 25 % of total world seed cotton output.

The important cotton-growing countries are India, China U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Brazil, Pakistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Australia, Greece, and Benin.

India cotton is cultivated on a large scale in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh. Gujarat is the largest producer of cotton in India followed by Maharashtra and Telangana

Statewise Production area and Yield details of the cotton Crop(2019-20 ) are as follows–

States	Production (2019-20) Bales /Year	Area (Hectares)	Yield (Kg/Hectares)
Gujarat	95 Lakh	26.59 lakh	556.22
Maharashtra	82 Lakh	42.54 lakh	307.71
Telangana	53 Lakh	18.27 lakh	437.33
Rajasthan	25 Lakh	6.29 lakh	675.68
Haryana	22 Lakh	7.08 lakh	552.26
Madhya Pradesh	20 Lakh	5.79 lakh	664.5
Karnataka	18 Lakh	6.88 lakh	370.64
Punjab	13 Lakh	2.68 lakh	729.48
Tamilnadu	6 Lakh	1.31 lakh	778.63
Odisha	4 Lakh	1.58 lakh	484.18

Importance of Cotton ;

1) Cotton is grown chilly for its fiber used in the manufacture of cloth for mankind.

2) It is also used for several other purposes like making threads, mixing in other fibers, and extraction of oil from on the seed.

3) The oil content in the cottonseed ranges from 15-25 % depending on the varieties.

4) American cotton contains more percentage of oil.

5) Cottonseed cake after extraction of oil is good organic manure and contains about 6 % nitrogen, 3 % phosphorus, and 2 % potash.

6) Cotton seed, cotton linters, and pulp obtained during oil extraction and cotton meal are good concentrated feed for cattle.

Classification of Cotton Crop ;

Cotton belongs to the Malvaceae family and the genus Gossypium. The genus Gossypium has been one of the most difficult to classify. Genus Gossypium includes 20 species of cotton including wild as well as cultivated species. The cultivated species have spinnable lint while wild species have only short seed fuzz or smooth seeds.
The Following four cultivated species contain almost all the varieties of cotton cultivated in India.

1. Gossypium arboreum (n=13) ;Desi cotton

2. Gossypium herbaceum (n=13); Desi Cotton

3. Gossypium hirsutum (n=26) American cotton

4. Gossypium barbadense (n=26); American Cotton
(1) Gossypium arboreum: This species of cotton is most widely distributed in the country. Plant height is 1.5 to 2 meters. Twigs and leaves are pubescent. Leaves have five to seven lobes. The fibers are coarse and short, their length being mostly from 1.25 to 2.10 cm. This species covers about 29 % of the total acreage of cotton in the country.
(2) Gossypium herbaceum: The plant is 1 to 1.5 m tall. The stem is thick and rigid, leaves and twigs sparsely hairy. Leaves are flat with three to seven lobes. Seeds are with small fuzz and lint. Fiber length is mostly 1.25 to 2.30 cm. This species covers about 21 % of the total cotton acreage.
(3) Gossypium hirsutum: This is a group of cotton commonly known as American cotton’. Plants are about 1.5 m tall. The stem is usually green or brown. Leaves and twigs are densely hairy. Leaves have three tv five lobes. Flowers are creamy-white when first open but soon turn pina or red. Fibre length is 1.8 to 3.1 cm or more. These species cover about 50 % of the area of cotton.
(4) Gossypium barbadense: This is a group of cotton commonly known as ‘Sea Island cotton’ that includes most of the long staple cotton of and the U.S.A. Fibre length is 3.6 to 5.0 cm. The lint is te detached from the seed. It has very fine fibre. Flowers are usually yellow in colour with
purple spots. The area under this species is only a few thousand hectares

Climatic Requirements for Cotton Crop Cultivation;

1) Cotton is a warm-season crop. It requires a mean annual temperature of over 10°C and an annual rainfall of at least 50 cm distributed throughout the growing season.

2) A daily minimum temperature of 10°C is required for germination and 21 to 27°C for proper vegetative growth. It can tolerate temperatures as high as 43°C but does not do well if the temperature falls below 21°C.

3) During the fruiting phase, the day temperature ranging from 27 to 32°C, and cool nights are needed.

4) If the fruiting period heavy showers of rain occur or heavy irrigation is applied, shedding of the flowers and young bolls may result.

5) Abundant sunshine during the period of boll maturation and harvesting is essential in obtaining good quality produce.

6) The cotton plant can not stand frost and hence its cultivation is restricted to an altitude of 1000 m only.

7) A frostless season of 180 to 240 Days is required in north India for successful cotton cultivation

Soil Requirement for Cotton Crop Cultivation;

1) Cotton can be successfully grown on all soils except the sandy, saline, and waterlogged soils.

2) It is grown on all types of soil, i.e., sandy loam, clay loam, loam, alluvial soils, black cotton soils, red sandy loams to loams, and lateritic soils.

3) Cotton needs fertile soil with good moisture-holding capacity. Good drainage and aeration are also essential as the crop can not stand excessive moisture and waterlog.

4) Soil reaction should be between 5.5 to 8.5.

5) Black cotton soils are ideal for the rainfed crops in Peninsular India and alluvial soils for rainfed as well as an irrigated crops in northern India.

Important Varieties of cotton Crop;

Popular important Bt hybrids cultivated in various cotton growing zones of India are ;

North Zone	Central Zone	South Zone
MRC 6301	M ECH-12	M ECH-1 62
MRC-6304	MECH-162	MECH-184
RCH-134	MECH-184	MRC-6322
RCH-317	MRC-6301	MRC-6918
RCH-308	RCH-2	RCH-2
RCH-314	RCH -118	RCH -20
Ankur-651	RCH-138	RCH -368
Ankur-2534	RCH-144	RCH -371
MRC-6025	Ankur-651	RCH-111
MRC-6029	Ankur-09	RCHB-768
NCS-913	Mallika	NCH-145
NCS-138	Bunny	NCH-207
J KCH-1947	NCS-145	NCH-913
NCEH-6R	NCS-207	Mallika
	GK-205	Bunny

Rotations and Mixed Cropping in Cotton Crop ;

In Northern India many rotations of crops involving feasible. Crops like wheat, gram, pea, linseed, berseem, etc., can after the harvest of cotton.

Some of the important rotations are ;
1. Cotton-wheat

2. Cotton–berseem

3. Cotton-gram

4. Cotton-pea

5. Cotton-linseed
In southern India cotton–sorghum-ragi is an important crop rota in irrigated areas. Intercropping with ragi, other millets, or groundnut also quite common in parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.

In northern India mixed cropping or intercropping with sesamum, ragi, groundnut, castor, chilies, guar, etc., is quite common Intercropping and mixed cropping under rainfed conditions serve both as an insurance against crop failures and as a preventive against soil erosion.

Field Preparation for Cotton Cultivation ;

Cotton, being a deep-rooted crop, requires a well-prepared seedbed. The field, after the harvest of the preceding crop, should be ploughed 15-20 cm deep with a mouldboard plough. Thereafter three or four harrowings or four to five ploughings with local plough should be given, After each ploughing, planking is essential to make soil pulverized and leveled. No stubbles of the previous crop should be left in the field.

For irrigated crops, particularly in the north, the field should be prepare by applying heavy pre-sowing irrigation. Two pre-sowing irrigations short intervals are more beneficial than giving the same water in irrigation.

Seed and Sowing in Cotton Crop;

1) Seed Treatment;

Before sowing, the seed should be delinted with concentrated sulphuric acid or by machines. It helps in grading the seed by sorting out the damaged, cut, immature, and shriveled seeds from sound seeds The pink bollworm larvae usually join two or more seeds make them hollow from within and rest in them within the winter season. Deleting also helps in killing the hibernating larvae in the seed.

Cotton Seeds

The pathogens of diseases on fuzz are also destroyed by de-fuzzing. The defuzed or delinted seed is easy to sow, it germinates rapidly. If seed delinting is not possible by chemicals, then the seed should be rubbed with a paste made of cow dung,ash, and water and after rubbing the seed should be dried in shade. Seed should be treated with organo-mercurials to minimize the incidence of seed-borne diseases.

2) Seed Rate and Spacing;
Seed rate varies according to the variety, its growth behavior, soil fertility, and production practices.

A seed rate of 15 to 25 kg per hectare in the case of American cotton and 10-18 kg per hectare in the case of desi cotton is recommended.

3) Spacing;

1) Spacing For American Cotton; 60 cm between rows and 45 cm between plants for American cotton

2) Spacing For Deshi Cotton; a spacing of 60 cm between rows and 30 centimeters between plants for local cotton is desirable.

3) Hybrid Cotton; Wide spacing required in the case of hybrid cotton in all the regions.

The plant population should be between 50,000 to 80,000 plants per hectare.

4) Sowing Time ;
Timely sowing of cotton is the single key factor to influence cotton yields. Hence sowing should be done within the most optimum time, as sowing earlier and later than the normal time results in a considerable reduction in cotton yield.

The optimum sowing time in the northern region is the first fortnight of May but with the release of varieties like F-414, H-777, and Ganganagar Ageti, etc., sowing can be done even up to the 25th of May.
In the central zone, irrigated cotton should be sown between 15th and 25th May whereas rainfed cotton should be sown with the onset of monsoon. In Tamil Nadu, irrigated as well as rainfed crop is sown in September October. In parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, the desi cotton is sown in August-September.

5) Method of Sowing
Sowing is done generally by drilling the seed in rows. Line sowing with seed drill is recommended in order to ensure uniform germination, better stand and easy inter cultivation. The seed should be uniformly placed at a depth of 4-5 cm and properly covered with moist soil. The seeds placed too shallow dry up without germination, and those too deep find it difficult to come to the surface, the result in both cases being patch germination and poor crop stand.
5) Gap Filling and Thinning;
Whatever may be the method of sowing, still some gap there. Immediately after the emergence of seedlings, go through and fill the gaps by dibbling water-soaked seeds to have quick emergence.
In the case of excess seedlings remove seedlings that are weak, diseased damaged. Thus plants in clusters would be thinned out retaining and strong plants. The spacing between plants in a row should be kept 45 cm in American cotton and 30-35 cm in desi cotton.

Manures and Fertilisers Requirement in Cotton Crop;

The cotton plant is a heavy feeder that needs proper manuring for successful cultivation. Farmyard manure or compost is rarely applied to the cotton crop. Manures and fertilizers both play important role in cotton cultivation.

The use of farmyard manure helps in better conservation of moisture in the field. Therefore, add 15-20 tonnes of farmyard manure or compost in the field
1) Northern cotton zone;

Apply N – 60 – 100 kg / ha. P and K dose as per soil test. No P need be applied if previous wheat received recommended P. 5.5 kg.Zn / ha. as ZnSo4 once in two cotton – wheat cycles

Method of Application;

a) Half N at thinning and remaining at first flowering

b) Half N at sowing time in late sown crop;

c) Foliar application of N if needed; P to be drilled at sowing.

2) Central cotton zone;

For Varieties apply; N : P: K 40 – 20 – 20, 50 – 25 – 25, 80 – 40 – 40

For Hybrids Apply; N: P:K 100 – 50 – 50, 160 – 80 – 80, 240 – 120 – 120,

Method of Application;

a) N in three splits at sowing, squaring and peak flowering stages. ( P & K according to soil test).

b) Application of 2 % urea or DAP at flowering and early boll development.

c) Seed treatment with azotobacter is beneficial.

3) Southern cotton zone;

For varieties; Recommended doses of fertilizers are N : P: K 40 – 20 – 20,60 – 30 – 30, 90 – 45 – 45

For Hybrids ; Apply 100 – 50 – 50, 120 – 60 – 60, 150 – 60 – 60

Method of Application;

a) Apply the N at squaring and peak flowering, P & K at sowing.

b) In Karnataka entire NPK at planting ( rain-fed cotton )

Half N and entire P & K at planting, remaining N at flowering (irrigated cotton ) N in 4 splits in irrigated hybrid cotton.

c) Seed and soil treatment with Azospirillium in Tamil Nadu

Water Management in Cotton Cultivation ;

1)The application of irrigations to cotton depends upon the and intensity of rains.

2) In general cotton, a crop needs 700-1,200 mm water to meet its maximum water requirement.

3) The water requirement is low during first 60-70 days after sowing & highest during flowering & boll development.

4) The first irrigation should be given 40-45 days sowing as delayed irrigation helps in preventing the plants from massive vegetative growth. The subsequent irrigations to cotton

Should be given at an interval of two to three weeks.

5) The crop must not be allowed to suffer from water stress during the fruiting and flowering period, otherwise, excessive shedding of flower buds and young bolls may occur resulting in loss of yield. Cotton during its early growth is very sensitive to water stagnation for long periods. Therefore, drain away the excess water of rain or irritation, if such a situation arises. The crop cannot tolerate waterlogging condition at any stage of growth

Weed Control in Cotton Crop;

Interculture in cotton is necessary to create mulch, aeration of the topsoil, better intake of water, and the control of weeds. Cotton is highly vulnerable to weed competition especially in the initial stage of growth (50-60 days of its growth). Hence control of weeds either by manual labor or by weedicides is essential to get good yields. Dry hoeing with a hand hoe or spade five to six weeks after sowing or before first irrigation is very effective in controlling the weeds. It should be repeated afterward if necessary.

Some weedicides like Fluchloralin or pendimethalin @ 1 kg ai/ha have been found quite useful in controlling the weeds, Basalin at the rate of 1 kg a.i. per hectare in 1000 liters of water should be used as a pre-planting spray. It should be well incorporated in the upper soil before sowing the crop.

Diseases and Pest Management in Cotton Crop;

a) Diseases Management in Cotton;
The cotton crop is attacked by a number of diseases. Symptoms of important diseases and their suitable control measures are given below:
1)Root Rot ;
This disease is caused by soil-borne fungi The loss in yield results due to a reduction in plant stand by way of the sudden death of plants. The disease appears in patches. Due to this disease, perfectly healthy plants may wilt within 24 hours with leaves drooping without showing any discoloration Roots rot and bark of the affected roots shred,
Control Measures (1) Seed treatment with Carboxin or Thiram at 5 g or Carbendazim at 2g/kg.

2) Spot drench with 0.1% Carbendazim or 0.05% Benomyl.

3) Adopt food crop rotation for three or four years and Grow recommended resistant varieties.

2) Fusarium wilt ;
This disease is caused by a soil-borne fungus The disease causes a considerable reduction in yield. In young, as well as old plants the initial symptoms are stunting followed by yellowing, and drooping of most of the leaves. In old plants, lower leaves towards the base are affected first followed by younger ones towards tips. Leal discoloration appears around the edges and progresses towards the midrib and leaves gradually drop.
Control Measures ;

(1) Grow American cotton as they are resistant to the disease sow healthy seed from healthy plants.

(2) Application of potash and organic matter in a sufficient amount helpful in reducing disease.

3) Treat the acid-delinted seeds with Carboxin or Carbendazim at 4 g/kg.

3) Anthracnose;
The disease chiefly attacks seedlings, bracts and bolls Affected seedlings have reddish or dark brown lesions on the stems below the soil surface and on roots. Symptoms on bracts appear in the form of circular water-soaked spots which enlarge and may spread to the bolls When the diseased area extends to the base of the boll, the bolls she away.
Control Measures;

(1) Seed treatment with Ceresan or Agrosan G.N. at the rate of 2.5 per kg seed is effective in eliminating the seed-borne infection.

(2) Spraying seedlings with copper fungicides such as Blitox or Fytolan at the rate of 2 kg per hectare in 1000 liters of water once or twice check seedling blight. Spraying during boll formation reduces damage from boll rot.
4) Bacterial Blight ;
In the northern region, infected seeds are the primary source of infection while in the southern region plant debris is the main source of infection. The disease attacks at all stages of crop growth. The losses in yield and quality of lint result due to heavy drop of leaves, young bolls and squares, and rotting of bolls. Defoliation causes the shedding of young bolls and thus leads to a reduction in yield.
Control Measures ;
1) Treat the seed with treat the acid delinted seeds with Carboxin or Oxycarboxin at 2 g/kg or soak the seeds in 1000 ppm Streptomycin sulphate overnight.

(2) Spray the crop with copper fungicides such as Blitox or Fytolan at the rate of 2 kg per hectare in 1000 liters of water.

3) Collect and destroy plant debris at the end of the season
5) Myrothecium Leaf Spot ;
The disease affects leaves, bracts as well as bolls and humid. Losses and usually appears when the climate is quite wet and

humid. Losses occur due to heavy spotting and defoliation of leaves reducing vigour of the plant and consequently yield.
Control Measures;
1) Spray Blitox or Fytolan or Difolatan at the rate of 2 kg per hectare with the first initiation of the disease.

2) Two to three sprays may be given at 15 days interval.

(2) Destroy diseased plant debris after harvest.
6) Bolt Rot ;
A large number of fungi and bacteria cause the bolt rot. Bolt rots cause considerable damage by directly reducing the yield of seed cotton and quality of libre.
Control Measures;
Rigorous spraying with copper oxychloride at the rate of 2 kg per hectare and Carbaryl insecticide at the rate of 2 kg per hectare at boll formation stage at 10-15 days interval three to four times would be helpful
b) Insect and Pests Mangement in Cotton Crop
Cotton crop is subject to attack by a number of insect pests. A brief description of the major ones, their nature of the damage, and appropriate control measures are given below:
1) Pink Boll Worm;
It is a notorious pest of cotton in all cotton-growing areas. It affects the cotton yield in several ways.
(a) Flower damage: When flower buds are bored by this pest, they drop off prematurely, Caterpillars boring into the flower, seal the tips of the flower petals together with a fine web. This gives the flower a rosette appearance.
(b) Damage to lint; The caterpillar enters into the boll, it cuts through the developing lint to a seed. As a result, the lint development is retarded and the lint is weakened.
(c) Damage to seed; Seed kernel is the preferred food of the caterpillar. It devours the internal contents of the seed completely. By eating the seeds, it reduces yield, viability, and oil content of the seed. Infestation lowers germination power of the seed
Control Measures ;

1) Apply insecticides Phosalone 35% EC 2000 ml/ha or Triazophos 40 EC 2.5l/ha
1) Heating the seeds for a few minutes at 60°C kills the hibernating larvae in the seeds. Fumigation of the seeds with methyl bromide the rate of 1.3 kg per 100 cubic meter for a day or with Phostoxin 200 tabstets per 100 cubic meter may be quite effective
(2) Destruction of host plants during off-season may be useful
2) Spotted Boll Worm;
It is one of the most damaging pests of cotton. This pest is in cotton fields for a long period. It affects the cotton yield in several ways
(a) Shoot wilting;: The incidence of the pest is noticed five to six weeks after sowing. The larva of this pest enters into the terminal bud of the vegetative shoot and tunnels downward. As a result, the growing point is killed and shoot droops down. The attacked shoots wither and die, ultimate
(b) Bud damage: Later the caterpillar bores into the developing flower buds and feeds on the pollen of the flower bud. The bracteoles of damaged flower buds open out, causing the condition is known as ‘flared sauqres The feeding also causes severe shedding of flower buds.
(c) Lint damage: As the bolls develop, the larva bores into the bolt Only unripe bolls are attacked. Small attacked bolls turn brown, rot, and drop off whereas bigger bolls do not fall but there is the premature opening of the bolls. The internal content of the boll is completely destroyed and the quality of the lint is drastically reduced.

Control Measures ;

1) Use a pheromone trap to monitor the adult moth activity
2) Apply insecticides: Phosalone 35% EC 2000 ml/ha or • Triazophos 40 EC 2.5l/ha

3) American Boll Worm
It is commonly known as gram pod borer as it is a serious pest of pulses too. It also causes substantial damage to cotton by boring into bolls. The pest feeds on tender top shoot leaves, flower buds, and bolls of the cotton. The affected boll shows a large hole on it.
Control Measures ;

1) Monocropping should be avoided and Grow the crops like green gram, black gram, soybean, castor, sorghum, etc., along with the cotton as an intercrop or border crop or alternate crop to reduce the pest infestation.

2) Judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizers it will not favor moth multiplication of the pest

3) The continuous cropping of cotton both during the winter and summer seasons must be avoided in the same field as well as ratooning.

4) Proper removal and destruction of crop residues to avoid carryover of the pest to the next season, and avoiding an extended period of crop growth by continuous irrigation.

5) Chemical Control; Use the following recommended insecticides;

Group and name of the Chemical	Formulation	Quantity of chemical ml or g/ha
Carbamates
Methomyl	25 EC	2000
Thiodicarb	75 WP	2000
Organophosphorus compounds (OP)
Acephate	75 WP	780
Chlorpyriphos	20 EC	1250
Profenophos	50 EC	1500
Quinolphos	25EC	2000
Triazophos	40EC	1500
Insect growth regulators (IGR)
Novuluron	10 EC	1000
Lufenuron	5 EC	1200
Diafenthiuron	50 WP	700
Buprofezin	25 EC	400
Pyriproxyfen	10 EC	500
Oxidiazine
Indoxacarb	15 EC	500
Spinosyn	48 EC	100
Avermectin
Emamectin Benzoate	5 EC	200

Group and name of the Chemical	Formulation	Quantity of chemical ml or g/ha
Carbamates
Methomyl	25 EC	2000
Thiodicarb	75 WP	2000
Organophosphorus compounds (OP)
Acephate	75 WP	780
Chlorpyriphos	20 EC	1250
Profenophos	50 EC	1500
Quinolphos	25EC	2000
Triazophos	40EC	1500
Insect growth regulators (IGR)
Novuluron	10 EC	1000
Lufenuron	5 EC	1200
Diafenthiuron	50 WP	700
Buprofezin	25 EC	400
Pyriproxyfen	10 EC	500
Oxidiazine
Indoxacarb	15 EC	500
Spinosyn	48 EC	100
Avermectin
Emamectin Benzoate	5 EC	200

4 ) Jassids, Aphids, Thrips, And White Fly ;
These small insects suck the sap of leaves. The leaves of infested plants curl downwards and turn pale yellow or bronze. Severe attacks by these insects may lead to the complete withering of the plants.
Control Measures;
Spray the cotton crop with Methyl demeton 25 EC 500ml/ha or Acetamiprid 20% SP 50 g/ha or Buprofezin 25% SC1000 ml/ha or Fipronil 5% SC 1500-2000 ml/ha or Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 100 -125 ml/ha

5) Cotton Leaf Roller
Caterpillar of this pest rolls a leaf around itself and lives inside eating away the green matter of the leaf. The full-grown caterpillar about 5-6 centimetres in length and pupates inside the roll itself.
Control Measures;
1) Remove the rolled leaves.

2) Hand-picking and destruction of grown-up caterpillars.

3) Spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.0 l/ha or dichlorvos 76 WSC @1.0 l/ha

Harvesting of Cotton Crop;

1) Cotton is harvested in three or four pickings by hand as the boll matures. Cotton should be picked clean (free from dry leaves, bracts, etc.) and dried to get a good price in the market.

2) Cotton crop is ready for first picking by the middle of October in north India.

3) The second picking should be done at the beginning of November, the third in the third week of November, and the last in the first week of December.

4) Picking should be done when bolls begin to fully burst and when kapas begin to hang down.

5) The kapas thus picked should be spread in the sun to dry for two to four hours on a clean surface. Do not keep the picked cotton in wet water channels in the field, as this practice impairs the quality of cotton.

6) Soon after the last picking, pull out the cotton sticks along with the roots from the field and bury the remaining plant debris with soil turning plough as a sanitary measure against pests and diseases.

The yield of Cotton Crop ;

From new high-yielding varieties with improved packages of practices under irrigated conditions, it is possible to get about 15-20 quintals of seed cotton per hectare. Much higher yields may be obtained from hybrid cotton .

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